TNF and obesity disorder: In vWAT, obesity induces the recruitment and activation of pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1 phenotype), T helper 1 (Th1) cells, and cytotoxic T cells, leading to the secretion of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1).