HIF1A and colorectal carcinoma: These include the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which is particularly critical in CRC; the NF-κB pathway, associated with inflammation and cell survival; and the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) pathway, which is stabilized under hypoxic conditions and elevated intracellular iron levels, promoting angiogenesis and a metabolic shift toward glycolysis [53].