NOS2 and acute kidney injury: Similarly, ALA alleviated acute kidney injury (AKI) in CLP rats by inhibiting NF-κB; downregulating proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), iNOS, and HMGB1 expression in renal tissues; and reducing serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels [51].