KRAS and colorectal carcinoma: The development of CRC is closely associated with chromosomal instability and mutations in a variety of genes (e.g., APC, KRAS, TP53, and SMAD4), which can lead to abnormalities in processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration [9,36]; 15% of CRC cases exhibit microsatellite instability (MSI), caused primarily by mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes or epigenetic silencing [37].