SPP1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Therefore, based on the frequent mutations of genes that arise from clonal mutations during the development of the primary tumor, and integrating studies of these mutated genes in metastasis, common mutated genes frequently observed in HCC metastasis include OPN [10], CTNNB1 [11], ARID1A [12], ARID2 [13], CCND1 [14], AXIN1 [15], among others.