TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the key molecular events and regulatory mechanisms involved in HCC metastasis, including mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, the accumulation of epigenetic alterations, and the aberrant activation of critical signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β/Smad, EGFR/PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JAK/STAT, Hippo, Notch, and Hedgehog, all of which play pivotal roles in driving metastatic progression.