VCP and hepatocellular carcinoma: Studies have demonstrated that overexpression of VCP promotes HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway [94]; furthermore, in a mouse orthotopic cancer model, treatment with INK128, an mTOR inhibitor, displayed remarkable efficacy, effectively inhibiting the progression of HCC and reversing its metastatic trend [95].