TLR4 and inflammatory bowel disease: The research showed that ginseng-based nanoparticles act on Sequestosome 1 (p62)/Kelch Like ECH Associated Protein 1 (Keap1)/Nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) (p62/Keap1/Nrf2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (TLR4/MAPK) pathways, scavenge ROS from intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells, hinder pro-inflammatory factors’ expression, and promote tissue repair, highlighting their therapeutic mechanisms in inflammatory bowel disease.