Baseline phenotyping showed no difference in epithelial cell populations, endothelial cells, CD45+ immune cells, TNF-α+ immune cells, CD4+ T cells, or CD8+ T cells within the lung tissues of COVID-19+ and UN individuals (Supplementary Figure S3A–C, S4A,B, S5A; Figure 2A,B,D). Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.