Vascular dysfunction: Characteristic changes in ferroptosis-related markers, including GPX4, FTH1, ACLS4, TFR1, and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), were detected in the retinal fibrovascular membranes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, cultured Human Retinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HRMECs), and the retinas of diabetic mice (99). Here, PTGS2 is linked to proliferative diabetic retinopathy.