TNF and cardiovascular disorder: During this process, inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-5 (IL-5), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and histamine not only promote the activation of endothelial cells but also lead to abnormal behavior of smooth muscle cells, such as migration and proliferation, which could push to the development of cardiovascular diseases (12).