RIGI and viral infectious disease: Mouse and airway cell studies have shown that lactobacilli enhance resistance to viral infections, including RSV, by upregulating IFN-β production, which subsequently boosts the expression of viral-sensing receptors such as TLR3 and DDX58, and antiviral factors including Mx1 and OAS1, which limit viral replication (Tomosada et al., 2013; Islam et al., 2021).