For example, in a melanoma model, CRISPR-edited PD-L1-deficient tumor cells triggered stronger CD8+ T-cell infiltration and reduced tumor size by 60% in combination with anti-CTLA-4 treatment (Vaghari-Tabari et al., 2022); whereas activation of pro-inflammatory factors, such as IFN-γ expression by CRISPR, enhanced CD8+ T-cell infiltration and reverse the immunosuppressive state of TME. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.