EPO and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Relevant literature published between 2010 and 2025 was identified through searches of PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords such as “erythropoietin,” “obesity,” “adipose tissue,” “liver,” “inflammation,” and “nonhematopoietic analogs.” One seminal publication prior to 2010 was also included due to its particular relevance.