CTLA4 and neoplasm: Combinatorial strategies involving oncolytic viruses, immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3), immunostimulatory molecules (e.g., interferons such as IFN-γ and IFN-β), TAAS, or tumor-specific antigens (TSA) (e.g., MAGE-3, claudin 18.2, mesothelin, E6, E7), as well as chemotherapy agents like the kinase inhibitor Sorafenib, aim to enhance anti-cancer efficacy and overcome the limitations associated with monotherapy (13, 14).