INS and Insulin resistance: This approach works by multiple mechanisms: it stimulates the AKT/PKB-associated insulin signaling pathway, increasing glucose uptake at the cellular level [161]; it enhances GLUT4 expression, promoting glucose utilization by muscle and improving insulin resistance [161],[162]; and finally, it modulates the release of adipokines, including leptin and adiponectin, promoting fatty acid oxidation, reducing visceral fat and vascular lipid deposition, positively impacting cardiovascular risk [163].