MFN1 and Insulin resistance: In recent years, the beneficial effects of exercise on DPN have been extensively studied.[134–136] Research demonstrates that exercise stabilizes mitochondrial dynamics by decreasing Drp1 expression and increasing the expression of Mfn1 and Mfn2, thus promoting fatty acid oxidation and improving insulin sensitivity.[137] Stabilizing mitochondrial dynamics may help ameliorate insulin resistance and improve glycemic control, potentially alleviating the symptoms of DPN (Fig. 3).