TNF and neuropathic pain: Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1B are mediators of inflammation and neuropathic pain, and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-4 can regulate the inflammatory process, limit tissue damage, and restore homeostasis.[16] These cytokines can regulate inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission, ultimately improving the transmission of pain signals to the brain.