TNF and polycystic ovary syndrome: Moreover, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) [51,52], elevated ROS levels in ovarian tissues [53,54], MDA-linked neural alterations [55], and altered Asymmetric Dimethylarginine-Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (ADMA-DDAH1) axis signaling [56] collectively underscore the multifaceted role of oxidative stress in PCOS pathogenesis.