PCOS patients manifest as elevated serum MDA levels—approximately 30 % higher than in healthy controls [37,38]—and reduced activities of key antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and GPx, alongside diminished nitric oxide (NO) levels [21,39], which collectively impair cellular capacity to neutralize ROS and disrupt vascular and endocrine functions. This evidence concerns the gene SOD1 and polycystic ovary syndrome.