TGFB1 and neoplasm: Another previous study indicated that nanovesicles loaded with an inhibitor of TGF-β receptor 1 (LY2157299) alleviated tumor fibrosis through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway and promoted the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes into tumor tissues to prevent immune evasion, thereby enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy in TNBC and pancreatic cancer (Zhou M. et al., 2023).