EGFR and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In NSCLC, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations identified by genomics not only sustain tumor cell survival but also correlate with an immune-cold TME phenotype characterized by low TMB and elevated PD-L1 expression (Madeddu et al., 2022), explaining the limited efficacy of PD-1 blockade in this subset.