PDCD1 and neoplasm: Multi-omics investigations of vascular-mediated drug resistance have yielded innovative approaches, including the FAP1V2 intracellular nanobody that concurrently targets PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoints and VEGFR2-driven metastasis, inducing durable tumor control through TCRβhi T-cell activation while preventing PD-1hi T-cell exhaustion (Zhang et al., 2025b).