Prior studies have largely focused on the impact of individual bacterial species on tumor biology (Aslam et al., 2024), demonstrating that certain microbes can enhance antitumor immunity by promoting the recruitment and activation of dendritic cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells, thereby augmenting the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (Yang C. et al., 2024; Yang L. et al., 2024). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.