TNF and glioblastoma: Conversely, low SOX9 expression was associated with pathways related to inflammation, including “inflammatory response,” “TNF-α signaling via NF-κB,” “KRAS signaling up,” and “IL-6-JAK STAT3 signaling.” Collectively, these findings suggest that SOX9 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of GBM by influencing cancer-related pathways.