However, while the secretion of multiple SASP cytokines and chemokines were modulated by prostate fibroblast granzyme K treatment in vitro, further studies are needed to confirm a direct fibroblast stimulatory capacity for Taa cells and if Taa cells have a causal role in the development and progression of BPH-associated inflammation and LUTS. Here, GZMK is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.