In cases of endometriosis, however, elevated levels of cytokines in the peritoneal fluid, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, contribute to the development of a chronically inflamed peritoneal environment (Chen et al., 2023; Nati et al., 2024). Here, TGFB1 is linked to endometriosis.