TLR3 and influenza: TLRs, such as TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8, are membrane-bound PRRs that recognize viral RNA: TLR3 detects double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a byproduct of influenza replication, TLR7/8 sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) from the viral genome, while TLR2 and TLR4 recognize influenza-induced DAMPs (Shinya et al., 2012; Kim et al., 2022).