No statistically significant differences were observed among all groups in terms of gender, age, diabetes duration, smoking, alcohol use, hypertension, DBP, BMI, calcium, ALT, AST, LDL-C, Scr, SUA, eGFR, HOMA-β, HOMA-IR, fasting insulin, and fasting C-peptide (FCp). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.