GHR and diabetes mellitus: In the fully adjusted Model (Model III), which controlled for potential confounders such as sex, BMI, age, drinking status, ALT, TG, FPG, DBP, smoking, Scr, AST, hypertension, and SBP, the positive relationship between GHR(per 5-unit) and pre-DM risk persisted, with an SHR of 1.05 (95% CI: 1.02–1.09).