TFAM and polycystic ovary syndrome: In PCOS, ovarian tissues and GC is characterized by diminished expression of biogenesis regulators—PGC-1α, nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) —alongside increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and fragmentation, and ultrastructural abnormalities such as disorganized cristae, swelling, and vacuolization (113).