TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Ehsan et al. (2025) demonstrated that ROF appreciably upregulated the expression of GLUT-4, thereby improving insulin sensitivity. Other authors have shown that ROF can inhibit amylase, potentially reducing intestinal glucose absorption (Zengin et al., 2023b). In the same vein, since we have observed low serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and FFAs in the control and T2DM rats, we suggest that ROF attenuates peripheral IR and related complications in these diabetic rats by suppressing adipose tissue inflammation, as highlighted by previous studies (Peng et al., 2020a; Mai et al., 2022a).