MAPT and Alzheimer disease: Clinically, GBNs present multidimensional applications: graphene-based biosensors utilizing field-effect transistor principles achieve picomolar-level detection of phosphorylated tau and Aβ 42 in AD cerebrospinal fluid [[27], [28], [29]]; Therapeutically, functionalized graphene oxide (GO) impedes AD progression by inhibiting Aβ fibrillization [16], while GQDs exert neuroprotection in PD through radical scavenging and α-syn aggregation suppression [30].