TNF and colitis: The UC group showed severe colitis, increased TNF‐α and IL‐6, decreased IL‐10, elevated TOC, reduced TAC, altered VEGF/EGF mRNA, PI3K/AKT activation, and increased apoptosis (Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio, Cytochrome c, Caspase‐9, Caspase‐3).