For example, Siroon Bekkering's study showed that in HIDS patients, due to mevalonate accumulation as a result of MVK deficiency, monocytes exhibit “trained immunity”, which leads to increased secretion and significantly higher levels of the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6; at the same time, IL-1 β, TNF-α and other pro-inflammatory cytokines activate polyclonal B cells, leading to non-specific IgD secretion [176]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and mevalonic aciduria.