For instance, infection with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius activates the NLRP3/HMGB1/ROS/GSDMD signaling axis in corneal epithelial cells, exacerbating apoptosis and leading to the formation of characteristic focal holes, numerous extracellular bubbles, and other localized phenomena (Wang et al., 2024a; Wang et al., 2024b). The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is infection.