CHAT and gestational diabetes: Functionally, the modifier effects of these variants can be determined in an epigenetic assay, placental gene expression analysis, and ChAT enzyme activity assays using a mouse model and in vitro cell-based assays or placentas obtained from a mouse model of GDM, as well as using the cultured cells from the placenta of donors; also, the therapeutic investigation based on the initial findings in this study would leverage approaches recently described [23].