In the blood and liver tissues of individuals with cirrhosis and ACLF, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) (Clària et al., 2016; Tilg et al., 1992), as well as important inflammatory pathway proteins, such as nuclear factor- κB (NF-κB) (Zhang et al., 2022b), and thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) (Hassan et al., 2024), and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome (Zhang et al., 2024b) are elevated. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Cirrhosis.