In end-stage COPD, the immune shift was marked by elevated lymphocytes (B cells, cytotoxic T cells, T helper cells) and reduced monocytes and neutrophils, paired with increased lung levels of lymphocytic chemoattractants (CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10) and elevated circulating CCL5 and CXCL5. The gene discussed is CCL5; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.