NAMPT and ischemic stroke: For ischemic stroke, AS‐Exo enhanced neuronal viability and inhibited apoptosis by decreasing the levels of caspase‐3, Bax, and pro‐inflammatory factors (TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β); whereas, in acute ischemic stroke model, oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)‐treated AS‐Exos (ADEXs) inhibited apoptosis by releasing nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), which activates the AMPK/mTOR pathway to induce autophagy, thereby attenuating neuronal damage [160].