GDNF and cancer: The ARTN gene, also known as artemin, is a member of GDNF family of ligands.14 This gene encodes a protein that plays a significant role in neurodevelopment and various cellular processes.14 In cancer, ARTN has been shown to promote tumour growth, metastases, and drug resistance.14 Our study showed that the ART gene was highly expressed in osteoblastic OS cells in OS tumours (Figure 4), suggesting that ARTN gene expression in osteoblastic OS cells might be involved in OS pain.