The combination of anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐CTLA‐4 therapies has shown favorable efficacy in various cancers, such as melanoma, cervical cancer, and lung cancer [49, 50, 51], where it can significantly prolong patient PFS and OS compared with PD‐1 inhibitors alone, while also exhibiting manageable safety profiles. Here, PDCD1 is linked to lung carcinoma.