TGFB1 and neoplasm: Genetic alterations in the TGF‐β pathway often involve mutations, deletions, or amplifications of TGF‐β ligands and their receptors.[54] High TGF‐β levels are produced by various tumors, including melanomas and breast, colon, esophagus, stomach, liver, lung, pancreas, and prostate cancers, as well as hematologic malignancies.[55, 56] In early tumorigenesis, TGF‐β acts as a tumor suppressor.