TGFB1 and neoplasm: However, gastrointestinal tumors with microsatellite instabilities or TGF‐βRII mutations and pancreatic cancers with Smad4 mutations resist its signaling and antitumor effects.[57, 58] In later stages, TGF‐β promotes tumor growth, progression, and metastasis by facilitating the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and tumor angiogenesis.[59, 60] Notably, metastatic breast and colon tumors exhibit higher TGF‐β expression than their primary counterparts, highlighting its role in advancing tumor progression.[61, 62]