Notably, the increased risk of MAKE observed with prescriptions for ACE inhibitors/ARBs, which are cornerstone therapies to slow proteinuric CKD progression, may potentially be attributed to association with acute decreases in eGFR among hospitalized patients with multiple co-morbidities, hyperkalemia, medication non-adherence [25–28] or confounding by indication. Here, ACE is linked to chronic kidney disease.