For instance, synthetic mRNA overexpression of progerin in PD-iPSC-derived dopamine neurons induced characteristics of late-stage PD, including dendrite degeneration, reduced tyrosine-hydroxylase expression, increased neuromelanin, and mitochondrial swelling, among others.708 Similarly, a hiPSC-derived neuronal/glial mixed-cell model was treated with rotenone to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and mimic PD aging-associated phenotypes.710 However, it remains debated whether these models adequately represent true aging or merely reflect cellular stress and oxidative damage.711. This evidence concerns the gene TH and Parkinson disease.