HIF1A and myocardial infarction: For instance, estrogen enhances bone marrow stromal cell stemness via the SATB2 pathway, supporting osteogenesis.143 Similarly, in the heart, a PDGFR inhibitor has been shown to prevent endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition after myocardial infarction (MI), improving recovery by blocking the PDGF/NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway.144 Together, these findings illustrate a powerful theme: stemness and plasticity are not fixed traits confined to stem cells, but dynamic properties that can be activated in differentiated cells through injury, signaling molecules, or biomaterials.