For instance, estrogen enhances bone marrow stromal cell stemness via the SATB2 pathway, supporting osteogenesis.143 Similarly, in the heart, a PDGFR inhibitor has been shown to prevent endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition after myocardial infarction (MI), improving recovery by blocking the PDGF/NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway.144 Together, these findings illustrate a powerful theme: stemness and plasticity are not fixed traits confined to stem cells, but dynamic properties that can be activated in differentiated cells through injury, signaling molecules, or biomaterials. Here, SATB2 is linked to myocardial infarction.