CHI3L1 and acute kidney injury: Other biomarkers, such as urinary chitinase-3-like protein 1 (u-CHI3L1) for early detection of (sepsis-induced) acute kidney injury (AKI) [21], and plasma growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) for abdominal sepsis [21, 22], are also typically used, along with various others [13].