To elucidate the interactions between L + M cells and T cells, cell communication analysis was conducted, revealing that L + M cells had significantly more T cell-related interactions in the GBM.PD1 group than in the GBM.rec group, with several specific receptor-ligand interactions observed in the GBM.PD1 group, such as GZMA-F2R interactions (Fig. 4D and Supplementary Fig. 6). Here, PDCD1 is linked to glioblastoma.