, could downregulate the expression levels of senescence marker proteins (e.g., p53, p21, and p16), inhibit the IL6/STAT3, TGF-β1/Smad3/AMPK, and IκBα/NF-κB pathways, regulate the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and alleviate PF in BLM-induced mouse model (Zhou et al., 2019; Han et al., 2023). Here, TGFB1 is linked to pemphigus foliaceus.