TGFB1 and pemphigus foliaceus: Studies have shown that astragaloside IV could inhibit TGF-β1/PI3K/Akt-induced hyperphosphorylation and downregulation of FOXO3a, prevent PF by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad pathway, downregulate the expression of Collagen I, fibronectin, and α-SMA, and reduce inflammatory response and oxidative stress (Qian et al., 2018; Li et al., 2021b).