Furthermore, within the iHMP IBD cohort,31 many of the genes expressed at higher levels in sorbitol-treated mice, including Il1b, Cxcl9, Fpr1, and Oas3, were also significantly elevated in IBD patients compared to non-IBD patients and positively correlated with M1-prone genes (Figures 2F and 2G). Here, CXCL9 is linked to irritable bowel syndrome.