Furthermore, our previous in vitro studies reported that CuD, CuI, and CuE significantly increased the apoptosis rate by suppressing oncogenic signaling pathways (Jak/Stat, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK) that show abnormal activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (Uremis et al., 2022a; Uremis et al., 2022b). This evidence concerns the gene SOAT1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.