PIK3CA and breast carcinoma: In breast cancer, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway plays an important role in driving cancer progression and is activated by PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha) mutations, loss of PTEN, or hyperactivity of upstream growth factor signaling (Xiao et al., 2021).