Additionally, several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have shown the superior efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in patients with treatment-naïve advanced GC (Kang et al., 2022; Moehler et al., 2023; Rha et al., 2023; Xu et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and gastric cancer.