GDF15 and hepatocellular carcinoma: To assess the prognostic value of serum GDF15 in HCC patients receiving HAIC, patients were divided into high (range: 5.76-53.55 ng/mL) and low (range: 0.39-5.47 ng/mL) GDF15 groups based on the optimal cut-off value determined by the minimum P-value method for overall survival (OS).