PAD4 exhibits substantial expression in a range of malignant tissues, however, it is notably absent or present at significantly lower levels in both normal tissues and benign tumors.147 Furthermore, heightened levels of PAD4 have been detected in a multitude of solid malignancies and concomitantly noted to be upregulated in the peripheral blood of individuals afflicted with lung carcinoma148 (Fig. 3). This evidence concerns the gene PADI4 and benign neoplasm.